Inverter (DC-AC converter) are one of the most important components in power electronics. This is because many real-life applications are based on these conversions.

AC Power

In AC, the current changes direction and flows back and forth. A current that periodically changes direction is called alternating current (AC), which has a non-zero frequency. It is generated by AC generators and alternators.

DC Power

In DC, the current does not change in magnitude or polarity. If the current flows continuously in the same direction through a conductor, it is referred to as direct current (DC), with a frequency of zero. It is generated by batteries, rechargeable batteries, and DC generators.

Types of Inverters

Inverters mainly come in three types:

Sine Wave (often referred to as "true" or "pure" sine wave)

Modified Sine Wave (essentially a modified square wave)

Square Wave

Sine Wave Inverter

Sine wave inverters provide a waveform derived from hydropower or generators. The main advantage of sine wave inverters is that all devices on the market are designed for sine wave operation. This guarantees that the equipment can operate at its full specifications. Some appliances, such as toasters, dimmers, and certain battery chargers, require a sine wave for proper function. Pure sine wave inverters are more complex and costlier.

Modified Sine Wave Inverter

Modified sine wave inverters actually produce a waveform that resembles a square wave, but with added steps. Many devices can operate normally on modified sine wave inverters, including motors, home appliances, and other items. Some types of loads may experience issues and actually require a pure sine wave inverter.

Square Wave Inverter

Square wave inverters are very simple, switching the DC source between positive and negative. They are few in number but are the cheapest inverters available. Square wave inverters can run simple devices, like tools with universal motors, without any issues, but that’s about it.

Importance of Inverters

Inverters play a crucial role in various applications due to their ability to convert DC to AC. Here are some significant uses of these devices:

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): In UPS systems, batteries store electrical energy as DC. If the main power supply fails, the UPS uses inverters to convert the DC from the batteries into AC, ensuring a continuous power supply for critical equipment such as computers, data centers, and hospitals.

Electric Vehicles (EVs): Batteries in electric vehicles provide DC power. Inverters are used to convert this into AC power to drive the vehicle's AC motor.

Power Generation Systems: In power plants that generate DC electricity from fuel cells, batteries, or other types of generators, inverters are essential for converting the DC into AC for distribution.

Household Appliances: Many devices, such as laptops, cameras, and smartphones, operate on DC power, but wall outlets supply AC. These devices’ power adapters include AC-DC converters. If you want to plug a device powered by a DC source (like a battery) into a wall outlet, you need a DC-AC inverter.

Aviation: Aircraft typically produce DC power, but onboard electronics, lighting, and other systems generally run on AC power. Inverters are used to facilitate this conversion.

Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs): In power plants that generate DC electricity from fuel cells, batteries, or other generators, inverters are necessary to convert the DC for distribution.

Portable Generators and Power Stations: Many devices, like laptops, cameras, and smartphones, use DC power while wall outlets provide AC power. These devices' power adapters include AC-DC converters. If you’re using equipment powered by a DC source (like a battery) and want to plug it into a wall outlet, you will need a DC-AC inverter.